Real texts
What the Phoenicians actually wrote: kings, priests and ordinary people, word by word, with every gloss in English and Arabic.
Kilamuwa stela
Samʾal (Zincirli, Türkiye)
𐤀𐤍𐤊 𐤊𐤋𐤌𐤅 𐤁𐤓 𐤇𐤉𐤀
c. 825 BCE · KAI 24
Yehawmilk stela
Byblos (Jbeil, Lebanon)
𐤀𐤍𐤊 𐤉𐤇𐤅𐤌𐤋𐤊 𐤌𐤋𐤊 𐤂𐤁𐤋 𐤁𐤍 𐤉𐤇𐤓𐤁𐤏𐤋 𐤁𐤍 𐤁𐤍 𐤀𐤓𐤌𐤋𐤊 𐤌𐤋𐤊 𐤂𐤁𐤋
5th–4th century BCE · KAI 10
The votive formula
Carthage and the Punic world
𐤊𐤔𐤌𐤏 𐤒𐤋𐤀 𐤉𐤁𐤓𐤊𐤀
4th–2nd century BCE · KAI 79 and thousands of stelae
Dedication to Tanit and Baal Hammon
Carthage (Tunisia)
𐤋𐤓𐤁𐤕 𐤋𐤕𐤍𐤕 𐤐𐤍 𐤁𐤏𐤋 𐤅𐤋𐤀𐤃𐤍 𐤋𐤁𐤏𐤋 𐤇𐤌𐤍
4th–2nd century BCE · KAI 78–79 · Pro
Sarcophagus of Ahiram
Byblos · National Museum of Beirut
𐤀𐤓𐤍 𐤆 𐤐𐤏𐤋 𐤀𐤕𐤁𐤏𐤋 𐤁𐤍 𐤀𐤇𐤓𐤌 𐤌𐤋𐤊 𐤂𐤁𐤋 𐤋𐤀𐤇𐤓𐤌 𐤀𐤁𐤄 𐤊𐤔𐤕𐤄 𐤁𐤏𐤋𐤌
c. 1000 BCE · KAI 1 · Pro
Sarcophagus of Tabnit
Sidon · Istanbul Archaeology Museums
𐤀𐤍𐤊 𐤕𐤁𐤍𐤕 𐤊𐤄𐤍 𐤏𐤔𐤕𐤓𐤕 𐤌𐤋𐤊 𐤑𐤃𐤍𐤌 𐤁𐤍 𐤀𐤔𐤌𐤍𐤏𐤆𐤓 𐤊𐤄𐤍 𐤏𐤔𐤕𐤓𐤕 𐤌𐤋𐤊 𐤑𐤃𐤍𐤌 𐤔𐤊𐤁 𐤁𐤀𐤓𐤍 𐤆
c. 500 BCE · KAI 13 · Pro